Learning 9/27/07

Show many different types of projectors so that they can become adaptable to new and unexpected changes to the projectors. Same for other subjects - related to my math teaching - have to show them many different iterations of an equation, of solving a problem, so that they can adapt when they see one they did not see before.

What is the differences and similarities between Schema Theory and Meaningful Learning?

Similarities :

1. Activate prior knowledge
   
2. Make instructional materials meaningful with organizers and elaboration


3. Use thought-demanding activities to promote mental models


4. Provide new contextx and apply to prior knowledge.

Meaningful Learning - semantics are very important - how is that knowledge being encoded - put a lot of importance on learners prior knowledge.

Schema Thoery - refers to prior knowledge less concretely - as schema. Link new knowledge to a schema as opposed to linking it to prior knowledge.

Main contribution of Ausubel and Meaningful Learning - #1 contribution to the field of leanring theory was advanced organizers.

Elaboration Theory : progressively more detail is to be elaborated in each level of instruction until the desired level of detail is reached. Common in Math instruction.

10 minute break


dun dun dun da dun duh dun dun, dun dah dun dah dun dit da dun ...................


We're back, but we're correcting a test, so I'll turn the Musak back on...

da da da duh da dun dun dun, da da da dada dun da dun dun .........

THE MIDTERM -

give some web sites which are examples of learning scenerios. the test will ask you to analyze the scenerio from the behavioral point of view, or analyze this scenerio from the cognitive processing theory

1. Behaviorism
2. Cognitive Information Processing
3. Meaningful Learning
4. Schema

Those are the 4 learning theories we have studied so far.

Then he showed us an example of one of the sites.

We get to pick one of the two scenerios and then analyze it with two theories of our choice. I love choices.

[ Svim Vere, Eeevening Vere ]

Next week we're up in 202.

Instructional Design - what the heck is it?

DESIGN :
In my mind, design implies a group of items that are coordinated together to form a single objective. One designs a house by coordinating all the peices that form that house, same with interior design. A lack of design implies haphazard application of various items - which may or may not acheive a desired goal.
INSTRUCTION:
Instruction is the planned presentation of information for the purpose of learning. Learning is the acquisition of knowledge of procedures, facts and/or concepts.
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
Therefore instructional design is the planned coordination of analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation, and all their sub-parts, for the purpose of presenting information to be learned.
.
In other words, Instructional Design is a well thought out plan for teaching something to a given audience.

ANALYSIS.
The first step, analysis is the studying portion of the design. Deciding on what is the goal that is desired, and breaking down that goal into minute steps, deciding which ones one can assume the target audience already can perform and which ones need to be taught.

More to come as we progress in the class.....

September 19th, 2007

Video as an Instructional Media

So far all we've gotten is a lesson on how easily technology can mess up, and how annoying it can be while the class goes crazy as you try to get things going.

Formats:

• analog videocassette
• digital video - DVD & computer based
• Internet live and recorded

computer based - can be manipulated and even created by the class or the teacher

Copyright Act of 1976

• allows teachers certain rights to use copyrighted materials for teaching.

Advantages of video -

• motion
• process
• risk free
• dramatization
• affective learning
• rewind and watch again

disadvantages

• fixed pace
• "talking head"
• misinterpretation
• abstract, non visual
• only have point of view of the film maker

You might use video when:

• learning a process or a skill
• dramatizing an event
• observing an event risk free (volcano, tornado)
• understanding different cultures

Classroom video tips:

• market the video, give them teasers to grab their attention prior
• know your audience
• appropriate lengths, topic, appeal
• sights and lights - don't get in the way of the video or too much light
• FOLLOW UP discussion about video, why you watched it, what you were supposed to get from it.

Social Cognitive theory - people learn by watching other people. Trilogy - want to change from behavior B to behavior A. Need a set of 3 people to act out in the following manner : Person 1 exhibiting behavior A, person 2 exhibiting behavior B, and person 3 exhibiting behavior B - but chooses to switch to behavior A (the desired behavior). - watch someone you know (get to know in the way you get to know a movie or TV character) change their behavior from an undesirable one to a desirable one - very powerful.

2. - Next week - peer review.

Task Analysis article is not called the "Task Analysis" article

Abbey Brown - Essentials of Instructional Design, Chapter 06

Sub-Skill Analysis

Hard, tedious and time consuming.

Take the ordinary and the common and to thoroughly examine it - what makes it so? why is it this way? what would happen if? why is it not?

From the book:

• what must the student already know so that with a minimal amount of instruction this task can be learned?= = = lose learner if we try to teach them something they already know - they get bored.
• what is it that a student must already know, which if they didn't know, would make it impossible to learn the subordinate skill?
• what mistake might students make if they were learning this particular skill?

1. Analysis Document
2. Design Document
3. Analysis Document
4. Materials Document

Topic irrelevant - design is what's important.

Occam's Razor - quite often the simplest answer is the best. - instructional phase this is important.

Learning Hierarchy

Procedure - steps not hierarchy, so it's not a procedure

Analysis - 3 pages on making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. So you can just imagine how long it's going to have to be for a tattoo with a shark bone.

What is an Entry Behavior? = what you assume they already know and that you do not have to reteach - after analysis you eliminate all the behaviors that you can assume the learners already know. Things that people will have already be able to do to learn this. Behaviors you have to already know to be allowed into the 'class'.

What is a General Characteristic? Characteristics of the target audience - teenagers, 40 year old housewives, Football fanatics, science fiction geeks. that kind of stuff. Superfluous - irrelevant - do not waste your time on these.

Is it worth the time to test it?

List - Entry behaviors.
IE: recognize letters of the behaviors.

Goal : In writing short stories, students will use a variety of sentence types based on sentence purpose and the idea or mood being communicated.

analysis - what does a student need to know to be able to do this? can it be done - will you be able to tell when it's done?

• sentence structure
• how to express a mood
• how to write a short story.

Analysis Document - due October 17th

1. Define goal - well crafted sentence.
2. Goal Analysis 5 - 15 steps - major steps - must relate tio objective, goal.
3. Break it down - sub skill analysis - task analysis - microscopic bits.
4. Analyze learners and context.

Learning Theory 10/13/07

Behaviorism.

pg 35 and 37



punishment v negative reinforcement - both involve something negative, involves something that is not wanted, that effects subject negatively.



punishment - adding the negative item

negative reinforcement - take away the negative item


Religion based on behaviorism?

The New Stuff.........
Theory comes from the development of the computer - the model is based on the processes of the computer.

Different parts of the computer

input - processor - short term storage - long term storage - output
keyboard - CPU - RAM - ROM - screen

Sensory registers - eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin (input)
duration - about one second (very limited)
capacity - unlimited continuously coming, but does not stay for long.

Working Memory - short term (RAM)
duration - 40 seconds
capacity - 5 +/- 2 GAMiller - re the 7 +/- 2 relating to sounds

Long term Memory - (ROM)
duration - unlimited
capacity - unlimited problem is accessing memories, but it is still there.

Process of encoding - adding meaning - information must be reformatted to be compatible with information that is already in out long term memory. Pass from receptors to working memory by adding meaning.

Page 78

relatively little is known about the sensory memories corresponding to the other senses...

most studies done on sight - vision, not many studies done on the memories corresponding to hearing, taste, smell and so on and so on and so on........

kinetic memory - talk about it more, but he thinks it's extremely important.

Storage - retaining information in long term memory, likely done in a variety of ways - images, semantically, verbal. the more ways a given piece of information is stored in the memory - the more readily accessible that information is.

Retrieval - bringing information from long term memory to working memory - also used in the process of encoding - have to retrieve to add meaning to new information

Automaticity - practicing or rehearsing some information to the point that it can be retreived quicklessly and effortlessly.

Having relevant retreival cues - Please, Excuse, My Dear, Aunt Sally.

Interfereance
Decay

No class next week.

Instructional Design 09/12/07

Projects are in, next time try packaging it all together rather than sending it in 3 parts - and don't forget to put the names on the project.

5 views of the field.

What instructional design isn't - 5 pages of discussion of this.

• by eliminating things that it isn't, you can better focus on what it is.

Instructional Systems Design : synthesis of theory and research on how information is transferred and how humans make meaning and desired outcomes.

How to design a system to adapt to multiple cultures.....

Housekeeping things :

• Next week - first draft of the term paper or this blog, so here's my "first draft"

Showed class how to make a blog. It was fun, thanks for giving me the opportunity to play college professor.

What is analysis - opposite of synthesis (put together) - break it down and see how it works.

Triangle of Instructional Design =

Content, Delivery and Instructional Design.

Focus on teaching or focusing on what needs to be done - example of the glass cleaners. - focus on the delivery of the information or focus on the end result.

Break down to the point of silliness - analysis breaking it down to the smallest parts possible.

Do not assume everyone knows anything - ie have flat tire - stop car, on flat surface.

chunk into 7 +/- 2

diamond - you have a choiced, boxes, no choice.

if there are not a lot of choices, there isn't instructionally dynamic

start asking boxes - then ask yourself about the choices, differences that are possible.

Come up with topic for the big project - "Compost Heap"

analysis process - domain the learning is in -not just all cognitive or psychomotor.

Declaritive Knowledge - "Knowing that" - statement of fact, recall of facts, outline of materials - ways to learn facts easier - pnemonics, alliteration, writing : Domain : Verbal Information - all building blocks for real learning

Procedural Knowledge - "Knowing how" - knowledge of how to do something. step by step "doing it". Descriminations - how to put that information to use. as opposed to : Associations - connect together

Problem Solving - take a wqhole bunch of rules and work with them together.
Rule Using - applying a single rult to a given situation or condition responding to a class of inputs with a class of actions. If - - then statements.
Concrete Concept- is responding in a single way to all members of a particular class of observable events. Seeing the similarity among a class of objects, people, events, which calls for a single respones.
Discriminations - tell the difference between yellow finches and house finches, telling the difference between guages on an instrument panel. Deciding whether a multiplication answer will be positive or negative.

What is procedures going to look like - lots of steps, lots of diamonds.

Break into the ridiculous, and then put back together to avoid duplications, and to chunk so that the lesson is not overly tedious.

Decisions

What are we going to do -

Wich domain does it fall under (Declarative Knowledge, Procedural Knowledge, Cognitive Strategies, Attitudes or Psychomotor Skills)

Project

Goals

Process - 5 to 15 simple steps

Ask the "why" questions, ask a lot

Admit bias, accept bias and actively work to avoid it.

Behaviorism, Radical or not radical. (My other EdPs class)

Pg 69
Clockwork Orange
"perfect society"?, possible? desirable?

Walden Two : From rats to humans. Some people think that Walden Two was a response to the issue or reintegrating GI's into society. His first book left the extrapolation of rodent behavior to human behavior with the quote 'let him extrapolate who will', not making the extrapolation, but implying it. And finally, Skinner wrote a textbook that spent a whole chapter on a strong concept in Walden Two - self control, believing that it was the way to be productive and happy.

Communes of the 60's were based on the Walden Two concept, if not that community specifically.

1967 Twin Oaks Community (web site) is started in Lousia, Virginia.

1971 Los Horcones (web site), is started in Hermosilla, Mexico.

Twin Oakers have a penchant for naming everything, including all of our communally-owned vehicles. By Valerie Renwick-Porter. [23 Jan 2006]
No one has a personal vehicle while living here. Here's a list of our current vehicle names:
From our female icon theme:

• Indigo Girl (a blue car)


• Moon Unit (a silvery/gold truck)


• Betty Boop


• Lola Puns on the word "car":


• Cari Krishna


• Escargot

Two of our vans:

• Vandrogyny


• Vanarchy

Other vehicle names:

• DragonWagon (greeny-blue station wagon)


• Navy Gravy (a tip of the hat to counter-culture icon Wavy Gravy) (a navy truck)


• Higher Yellow (reference to a Mao quote) (a yellow truck)


• Utofia (our tofu delivery truck)


• Viva Zapata (a nod to the Zapatistas)


• V-Eight (the last and punniest (it has a V8 engine) of our "beverage" series which included


• OJ and Cocoa, which were orange and brown vehicles)


• Blanche Whipple (white van)


• Ozone


• Jonathan Lesbian Seagull

BF Skinner - all behavior is in response to environmental stimuli - there is no free will. Person does not choose - person is conditioned. Belief in free will and dignity prevents "the prospect of using scientific methods to modify behavior for the purpose of building a happier and better organized society."

1. Select Goal : Quit smoking.


2. Determine Appropriate Reinforcers : $25 check.


3. Select Procedures for Changing Behavior : wife mails off check whenever she sees him smoking.


4. Implement Procedures and Record Results : Three checks and he had quit smoking.


5. Evaluate Progress and Revise as Necessary : he never started smoking again, so no revision necessary.

Behaviorism in Instructional Design -

1. Instructional Objectives - good instructional objectives have behavior that is to be performed and observed.


2. [Mager, RF, 1962] - the 3 component objectives : behavior to be acquired, conditions behavior is demonstrated, how well the behavior is to be performed (80% of the time, 90% accuracy, etc).


3. [Gagne, 1985]


4. [Merrill, 1983]

Personalized Systems of Instruction [PSI] - Unit Mastery Requirement. Small units with specific behavioral instructional objectives, work at own pace but cannot proceed until you have achieved mastery.

International Society for Performance Improvement; spawn of Behaviorism and Instructional Design.

Things to do for next class;

• Chapter 3 : Cognitive Information Processing
• Article - look at what are the behaviors the researchers were looking for in order to identify the variables
• Second Quiz
• Participation in e-discussion on Behaviorism - ends Sept 12th
• No class on the 20th, meet with Nikita and Lani at Nakita's house.

The big project

• Gotta pick a real world problem that can be alleviated by instruction.
• Ask the questions on pg 21 of the book.
• Start crafting a Goal Statement.

Task one - ADDIE model by next week - tire changing

Discussion online.

Solutions

Students will attend 90% of the lectures and discussions on future trends in technology, philosophy and business.



The student will be able to select examples of the political concept of conservativism in a list of liberal vs. conservative examples and non examples.





Students will be able to apply for welfare.



The student will be able to administer an allergy injection following techniques for sterility.

Train, Instruct, Teach and Educate

^^^ That's my cute little diagram you asked me to make in class.

Education - Any situation where something is learned. Does not necessarily involve training, instruction or teaching.
Instruction - The act of transferring specific knowledge. Does not necessarily result in learning or involve training or teaching.
Training - Instruction for the purpose of eliciting a specific task or activity.
Teaching - The art of creating a situation and/or environment where education occurs. Usually involves training and instruction, but does not always result in learning.

Instruction is passive - one person or medium attempting to transfer information to another or group of human beings.

Training is two way, between the instructor and the learner, but has a focus of a specific task or set of tasks.

Teaching is interactive, between the instructor (teacher) and the student or students. It relies, or should rely, more on directing the student to their learning, has a much broader scope than training, and often has hidden curricula.

Education is whenever someone learns, from the formality of a College Law class to when a two year old puts their hand on a hot stove.