Advanced Instructional Technology

Yeah, I'm gonna try to actually take notes tonight. Yeah, that's the goal.

Dick and Kerry model is good, except it does not tell you how to proceed when you get to the specific content - it is a MACRO model.

Merrill's Model - a micro level model

- concerns regarding traditional model; too much emphasis on macro level design.

What are micro level strategies?

type of content

performance

what kind of content do we need to focus on and what kind of performance goes along with that content

Gagne; 5 types or outcomes in learning (content)motor skills

intellectual skills

cognitive strategies

attitude

verbal information - communication

Conditions of Learning, Gagne

remember, use/apply, find/discover

performance

Bloom - forward design

Gagne & Merrill - backward design.

Gagne's conditions of learning

Limitations : emphasis on performance only

Question : would variation in content affect the performance?

Two dimensional design : content and performance.

Types of content:

fact, concept, procedure, principles (variations in content)

Types of performance

• remember; human memory: associative, episodic, image, algorithmic
• use/apply
• find/discover

Memory

• by association - connection to background knowledge
• episodic - remember something because of some episode in your life
• image - associate with picture or other visual
• algorithmic - procedural

Example

Teaching the American Revolution

• FACT; april 19th, 1775 battle of lexington and concord
• CONCEPT; freedom from tyranny
• PROCEDURE; form interim government, declare independence, amass army and win war
• PRINCIPLE; people have the right to self determination

Types of performance

• remember; names and dates of people and events
• use/apply; compare to other revolutions and breaks from Empire, ie: French, Canada, Australia
• Find/apply; compare revolution to Civil War. what's similar, what's different.

Ah, more fun technology to try my patience - podcasting on Web TV.

****Flexibility in design, one model does not work in every case.

Primary Presentation - how do you present a concept.

Need to elaborate on the primary presentation? Secondary Presentation

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Reigeluth's Model - a macro level approach

• deal only with organizational strategies, not with delivery, eg media selection, and management strategies eg resource allocation

organizational strategies

• macro - concerned with selection, sequence, structure of the subject matter topics
• micro - concerned with the details of each individual presentation to the student

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Analogy - simple, general but not abstract because then the students won't get it and will into be engaged

elaboration

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Elaboration Theory : a deductive approach to ID design

• simple to complex; general to detailed; abstract to detailed
• historical background
• the concept of learning hierarchy
• Gagne's learning prerequisite
• instructional sequences
• spiral curriculum

Who is the father of discovery method of learning; Gerome Bruhner

General-to-detailed/simple-to-complex/abstract-to-concrete

• problems with instruction; zoom lens and locked on complx level of content; focus on fragmentation

Epitome - a few fundamental and representative ideas to be elaborated later

not summary because summary is abstract whereas epitome is NOT abstract.

Process of Epitome

• selecting one type of content as the organizing content (concepts, principles, etc.) VERY CONCRETE, not abstract
• listing all of the organizing content that is to be taught in the course
• selecting a few organizing content ideas that are the most basic, simple and/or fundamental
• presenting those ideas at the application level rather than the more superficial and abstract memorization level.